All About food

Since fat metabolism is closely linked carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrates make up a large part of the diet of man. This is no coincidence, because they perform in the body of the many and varied functions. Primarily from carbohydrates satisfy a significant portion of the energy needs of the body, and increases the value of carbohydrates during exercise, because the working muscles to increase their consumption. The constant influx of carbohydrates needed cells of the central nervous system, so even temporary cessation or reduction of delivery of blood to the brain leads to disruption of the nerve cells.
Carbohydrates are necessary not only as a source of energy. They go to form the skeleton of amino acids, nucleic acids, are involved in the construction of glycoproteins, immunoglobulins, ATP, are part of the substances determining the blood group. What are carbohydrates? The chemical composition of their relatively simple, they are built of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are simple, such as glucose and fructose, more complex - sucrose and lactose and complex (polysaccharides) - starch, glycogen, cellulose (fiber), pectin.
Structural unit carbohydrate - glucose. She quickly sucked into the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and delivered to the cells, where it is used, by participating in the processes of biological oxidation.
Another simple carbohydrate as quickly absorbed into the blood (albeit more slowly than glucose) is fructose. Glucose and fructose are widely distributed in nature in their sources - food plants (table).
Table. Glucose and fructose (in g per 100 g edible portion)

Table. Glucose and fructose (in g per 100 g edible portion)

Fruits and vegetables	Glucose	Fructose	Fruits and vegetables	Glucose	Fructose
Apples Pears Peaches Tangerines Plums Cherry Grapes Strawberry Raspberries	2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.5 5.5 7.8 2.7 3.9	5.5 5.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 4.5 7.7 4.4 3.9	Black currants Cabbage Tomatoes Carrots Beet Watermelon Melon Pumpkin	1.5 2.6 1.6 2.5 0.3 2.4 1.1 2.6	4.2 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.1 4.3 2.0 0.9

1.
Refers to carbohydrates and lactose (the main carbohydrate of milk), which is extremely important for children.
Velika biological role of glycogen (animal starch, open in the middle of the last century, Claude Bernard), which is a deposit of carbohydrates in the body, from which it is drawn for glucose deficiency because of lack of food or during a large exercise. Glycogen is formed from glucose in the liver.


With food a person receives only 10-15 grams of glycogen, it serves as a source of animal foods - meat, fish, liver.
Reduced carbohydrate, through the consumption of food, leading to metabolic disorders. For example, if you will not be reimbursed for the expense of carbohydrates daily need of energy (and the share of carbohydrates for 50-70% of the total energy requirements), will be used proteins, especially under stress, when blood is allocated an increased amount of adrenal hormones - cortisol, which blocks in muscle glucose, so the muscles begin to intensively used as an energy source proteins (more amino acids) and fatty acids. Glucose enters the brain, where it is consumed with stress in high quantities. Saturated with blood glucose - the so-called temporary, transient diabetes. With repeated stress states the prerequisites transition of diabetes chronic. Excess glucose is not digestible muscles - its main customer, using insulin turns into fat and deposited in the adipose tissue.
excess unused muscles carbohydrates stored as fat slows absorption of glucose, which in turn increases the blood concentration of carbohydrates whose disposal muscle tissue is reduced. The more a person uses sugar, the greater the disturbed carbohydrate and fat metabolism, which is a prerequisite to obesity and diabetes.


As you can see, the sweet food brings bitter fruit. In diabetes the hormone insulin by which carbohydrates are absorbed by cells, can not cope with the utilization of carbohydrates, they are saturated with blood, and then the concentration of sugar in the blood increases. This is not because the body does not need carbohydrates, and the violation of their exchange. Excess carbohydrates in the blood stimulate the first insular apparatus of the pancreas, and then as its gradually depleted, insulin production decreases, and with a lack of insulin reduces the absorption of carbohydrates - a vicious circle.


Insulin plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates. As it was first established in the 20s, the hormone promotes the absorption of glucose tissues and the formation of glycogen in the liver. Insulin stimulates the synthesis of a special enzyme - glucokinase, which, grabbing glucose from the blood, transforms it into the body's cells, where it is stored in a form suitable for use in the reactions of metabolism.


Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose across biological membranes, there is evidence that this process is carried out by means of zinc, can "carry" sugar through microscopic pores of the cell walls. The dosage form of insulin, which increased the zinc content is more effective in the treatment of diabetes as compared with pure insulin, increases the duration of his physical actions.


Except zinc is involved in carbohydrate metabolism is another trace element - chromium, also promotes the assimilation of carbohydrates. In experiments on animals - rats and mice - chromium deficiency leads to increased levels of sugar in the blood, which was like diabetes in humans. Adding chromium in drinking water normalizes carbohydrate metabolism.
diabetes in recent years began to meet more often, including in children, which is especially alarming and doing battle with the disease is extremely important. Necessary not only to improve the methods of treatment, but to normalize the power to regulate glucose metabolism. It is important to unlearn the habit of using a lot of sweets - cakes, pies, candy (no wonder Indian proverb says, "treats - thousands, and health - one"). Excess sugar in the diet is not absorbed by the body and is not deposited in the form of glycogen in the liver, the extra carbohydrates are converted into triglycerides, which leads to the intensive development of adipose tissue. In response to the increased intake of carbohydrates in the blood concentration of insulin, which activates the formation of fat from carbohydrates. Thus, the excessive consumption of carbohydrate - one of the leading causes of obesity due to impaired lipid metabolism.


The body's need for carbohydrates appropriate met by slowly absorbed complex carbohydrates, such as starch. It is especially helpful that starchy foods, incorporate the important ingredients of the food, beneficial effects on metabolism, vitamins (group B), trace elements and mineral salts. Simple carbohydrates, especially refined sugar, these substances do not.


However savory starch, which is not to your taste to most people: in fact, not going after tea with potatoes. Began the search for the replacement of sucrose. The solution was found. Instead of sucrose was suggested that fructose, which is almost 2 times sweeter than regular sugar, then you can use 2 times smaller. But it's not only that. Fructose rapidly leaves the blood, disposing of the body's cells, to a lesser extent than the sugar involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and fat, normalize blood sugar levels. Why is fructose has not replaced the regular sugar? Especially because it is widespread in nature. It turns out that much more expensive than the production of fructose sugar produced from beet and cane.

So, the food in certain conditions can be harmful to the body. The knowledge of the mechanisms of adverse effects of food helps to prevent painful reaction. The challenge for medicine - to use food as a therapeutic factor in various diseases of humans.