Writing in Greece arose between XIV and XVI centuries. BC - More precise dating, alas, impossible. Many thousands of texts brought us clay tablets found in a variety of the Greek mainland and Crete during the XX century., There are also some fragments of inscriptions on the vessels. Part of the opening of early written records owned two of them: Sir Arthur Evans, archaeologist, excavated the first clay tablets, and Michael Ventris, an architect is fond of antiquities and cipher of war, which in 1952 deciphered their soderzhanie.Do since the earliest Greek texts were considered Homer ie works that are currently accepted date VIII. BC It was impossible to imagine that the Greek language written before the "Iliad" and "Odyssey."
Sami ancient Greeks had no doubt that it came to writing from the Phoenicians. However, archaeologists and philologists, too, took a long time to realize that just open label "spoke Greek": in fact, their writing system different from borrowed from Phoenician alphabet, which writes the works of Aeschylus or Plato. That was an unknown letter that Evans called "Linear B" because it is located along a real or imaginary line drawn from left to right, and apparently descended from Linear A - Cretan writing, named the same archaeologist. Only after fifty-two years after the opening of Michael Ventris plates showed that for unknown letters hiding Greek yazyk.Lineynoe B, the first Greek writing system contains three categories of signs: ideograms, phonetic signs and determinative (eg, strokes, pointing to the floor sections). IPA consists of twenty eight, each of which represents a syllable, consisting of either a vowel or vowel of a consonant - hence often used in relation to this script name "sillabary." Linear B is basically a phonetic as ideograms depicting certain objects occupy a secondary position in it, much easier synchronous scripts Egypt or Mesopotamia. We can say that it is halfway between the ideographic system and the then alphabets, with its twenty-two to twenty-four letters, is the most cost-effective system pisma.Sudya by the fact that this sillabary not adapted to any phonetic structure nor syllabic organization Greek, it was invented for a particular language: for example, common in Greek (for example, in the word hippos - horse) s in the linear finite B is omitted, since it does not form a syllable.
What is the origin of the linear B? It was created on the basis of Linear A, has not yet deciphered the Cretan writing, adapted to the needs of the first Greeks of their language. There is the Mycenaean era, so named not because Mycenae was the capital of the respective civilization, but because it is one of the most important and, moreover, the most famous monument of the time. Major administrative centers, commonly called "palaces", then run around and their lands and also led the economic, military, and religious life of the country. Large bureaucratic education took on the account all resources controlled territoriyah.Imenno in this context was born and Greek writing. She did not come to establish communication - literary or religious - between the different members of society, but for purely economic purposes, to replace the memory. In fact, the "palaces" run more and more valuable movable and immovable property, controlled the material resources of entire regions. Their role was mostly to store a huge variety of food pantries, and then proceed to their redistribution. It was necessary to constantly monitor the grocery renditions those who worked for the state, to know what the situation is with the taxes that are paid village palace, etc. At this stage, a memory palace rulers is not enough: we had to find a reliable means for a detailed account of all the resources to acquire the archives. Hence borrowing circles close to the Mycenaean palaces, already existed - and emerged just for administrative purposes - writing.
Linear B who wrote and understood it was clearly more than a hundred. Those were the major policy makers Mycenaean kingdoms, and scribes, updated documentation. This letter is remarkably uniform in regard to graphics, vocabulary, and content, although signs are at very distant from each other in space and time monuments. This unity supports the hypothesis that the Linear B operated in a narrow circle of palace managers.
So, initially writing - a tool in the hands of the authorities. Its owners are able to retain traces of that long ago erased from memory. They can monitor traffic resources and even trust others manage their boundless lands. The same phenomenon existed in parallel, for example, in Egypt and Mesopotamia, and to borrow no question, because these regions are geographically and chronologically too daleki.Iz first written records have survived, apart from a few inscriptions on the vessels, clay tablets found at Knossos, Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos and Thebes, major administrative centers of the time.
Nameplates preserved because they were calcined fire destroyed at the end of the XIII century. BC Mycenaean palaces. Most of them belong to one year immediately preceding the destruction zdaniy.Oni capture the smallest details of daily accounting: lists of the various products and raw materials (oil, wool), animals, chariots and wheels, for which indicates whether they are in good condition or are unsuitable for use. Material for this documentation - clay - was both cost-effective, because the available raw materials had in abundance, and practical, since the content is never easy searing plates izmenit.Est every reason to believe that the plates were temporary documents, which were taken up by other materials such as papyrus or parchment. If no papyrus or parchment, unknown to us, it is only because the soil of Greece is not conducive to their preservation. Incidental, so only the text, which the local authorities intended to destroy. It may seem surprising that from the Mycenaean period did not reach other types of written records.
In any text does not mention international trade between the "palaces" Mycenaean world, or between this world and Egypt and Mesopotamia. The most plausible explanation for such information stored on other media, parchment or papyrus, which were not preserved by the already mentioned prichinam.Pisalis a Linear B texts of others, whose trace is lost, and, above all literary? Such a hypothesis put forward, but it seems unlikely. If this sillabary indeed been writing, to serve the needs of culture, one would not find the Linear B texts on other carriers, vessels, statues, ornaments. However, more than four thousand detected to date only four labels are irrelevant to upravleniyu.Razrushivshie palaces fires have taken with them and a system of linear B. death majestic buildings, long credited with "Dorian invasions" clearly was the result of a series of mass migrations.
Anyway, after the XII century. BC to the rise of the Greek alphabet are no written records have been created. Bring to life the economic needs of letter went into oblivion along with the rocks of the socio-economic organization: for storing archives, it was extinguished when no longer necessary to account for the assets. Loss of writing facilitated by the fact that the narrow circle of "clerk" has lost touch with the authorities.
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