April 8, 2012 Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari arrived in India , where the first in seven years, the head of Pakistan's negotiations with the Indian leadership. The meeting focused on strengthening economic ties between the two countries, as well as trade, education and culture.
For 200 years, India was a British colony called British India. The apparent collapse of the British Empire came after the Second World War. In 1947, Britain was forced to grant independence to its biggest colonial possessions in India.
When the imminent departure of the colonial administration of the then united British India became evident, were confronted with the question of the future coexistence of the adherents of the two major religions of India, Hinduism and Islam.
Independence plan, drawn up under the direction of the last king of India Vice Lord Louis Maunbettena, provided for the establishment of two states dominions British crown of the Indian Union and Pakistan (after a few years, both the Dominion of India in 1950 and Pakistan in 1956, refused this status). Territories inhabited mainly by Muslims on the plan retreated to Pakistan.
Occurred as part of the two provinces of Bengal and Punjab. The population of East Bengal and West Punjab made a choice in favor of Pakistan, and the people of West Bengal and East Punjab in favor of accession into the Indian Union.
Indian Independence Act passed by the British Parliament, came into force on 15 August 1947.
Immediately after independence, there have been unprecedented clashes between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. There was mass migration of Muslims to Pakistan and Hindus in India.
Most pressing was the issue of territorial jurisdiction of Jammu and Kashmir, the Maharaja which was slow in the definition. By the day of the official declaration of the independence of India Maharaja principality has not decided on as to which the State must accede Kashmir. The parties continued to negotiate, but a peaceful solution could not be reached . In the night from 21 to 22 October 1947 on the territory of the Principality forces invaded the Pashtun tribes of the north-western province of Pakistan, and then the so-called "Pakistani volunteers," and on October 24 at the territory they occupied was announced the establishment of the interim government, "Azad Kashmir" ( "Free Kashmir").
As a result, the Maharaja signed a document on the inclusion of the Principality of India. In Kashmir, the aircraft were delivered to the Indian troops, while from Pakistan arrived additional armed units.
India blamed the Pakistani side of aggression and referred the Kashmir debate in the UN Security Council. The UN decided to establish as a demarcation boundary actual cease-fire line in its January 1, 1949.
As a result, about a third of the principality came under the control of the administration, "Azad Kashmir" and the rest of the territory, including the Kashmir valley with India. November 17, 1956 by the Constituent Assembly of Kashmir Constitution was adopted, according to which the state of Jammu and Kashmir was declared an integral part of India. However, Pakistan has continued to insist that the status of Jammu and Kashmir was established after the referendum on the terms of which the two countries have been unable to agree.
Kashmir was dissected between the two states without the recognition of the official boundaries of the area.
In April 1965 a second war broke out between Pakistan and India. Formally, the conflict started because of the uncertainty of the boundary line on the southern part of the joint border - desolate and deserted Kachskogo Rann. But soon the fighting between them unfolded across the ceasefire line and ended with only 23 September 1965. From 4 to January 10, 1966 in Tashkent, the Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration, according to which the parties agreed to withdraw the troops to pre-conflict positions.
In March 1971, India and Pakistan broke the third, the biggest war, which resulted from Pakistan broke away and formed the eastern part of the state of Bangladesh. In the summer of 1972 in Simla in India, the two leaders signed an agreement under which the parties undertook to "respect the line of control resulting from the cease-fire December 17, 1971." Cease-fire line has been refined and in December 1972, was renamed the Line of Control. However, beyond the precise demarcation remained Saltoro Ridge and Siachen glacier, which subsequently led to another round of conflict between Pakistan and India in 1984.
From the mid 1980s to the end of 1998 Indo Pakistan relations remained strained. In early 1999, among them come some relaxation. There was an active exchange of visits, held several meetings at the highest level. Culminated in a bus trip of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari. Vajpayee to Lahore in Pakistan in February 1999, where the parties have signed the Lahore Declaration. However, in a military coup in Pakistan that progress in bilateral relations was nullified.
February 2, 2001 , Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf announced his intention to come to the table. 14 July 16, 2001 in the Indian city of Agra, a meeting of the two presidents, which ended unsuccessfully. The peace process was derailed by a series of terrorist attacks.
In 2004 , after nearly 60 years of conflict, Islamabad and New Delhi have begun wide talks on normalizing relations. However, after a major terrorist attack in the Indian metropolis of Mumbai in November 2008 between the two countries began a fresh chill. Then a group of terrorists, who came to the investigation, from Pakistan, shooting people in the streets , in cafes, at the station, and then sat down at five-star hotels, and for two days resisted the Special Forces. The attack caused the freezing of negotiations on the normalization of relations between New Delhi and Islamabad, which previously were very active.
Now in Kashmir are no official boundaries, armies of the two states share the line of control.
After the terrorist attack in Mumbai in Jammu and Kashmir remained tense situation, there are periodic attacks, followed by the taking and killing of hostages, as well as armed clashes throughout the Indo Pakistan border.
February 25, 2010 in New Delhi, met the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan Salman Bashir to Indian counterpart Nirupama Rao, marked the beginning of the resumption of official contacts between the two countries, which were interrupted after the attacks in November 2008. The main topic of the meeting was the issue of combating terrorism.
March 31, 2011 in the Indian city of Mohali leaders Manmohan Singh and Pakistan's Yousuf Raza Gilani met on the cricket match between the national teams of India and Pakistan. During the informal meeting of the party held an extensive discussion of all the issues and again agreed to make every effort to overcome the difficulties in relations between the two countries.
July 13, 2011 in Mumbai, there were three explosions , which killed 20 people and injured more than 100. Among the possible involvement of militant versions considered the group "Indian Mujahideen", which have close ties to the extremist group "Lashkar-e Taiba," based in Pakistan.
November 10, 2011 in the Maldives during the summit of the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), the Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan declared their readiness to open a "new page" in bilateral relations after the meeting. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani held a half-hour conversation in the presence of several members of the delegations of their respective countries, as well as a talk "face to face."
The parties stated that New Delhi and Islamabad are ready to develop the wide dialogue and hoped that the next round of bilateral talks would be more productive and constructive than the previous.
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